The purpose of the African Women in Cinema Blog is to provide a space to discuss diverse topics relating to African women in cinema--filmmakers, actors, producers, and all film professionals. The blog is a public forum of the Centre for the Study and Research of African Women in Cinema.

Le Blog sur les femmes africaines dans le cinéma est un espace pour l'échange d'informations concernant les réalisatrices, comédiennes, productrices, critiques et toutes professionnelles dans ce domaine. Ceci sert de forum public du Centre pour l'étude et la recherche des femmes africaines dans le cinémas.

ABOUT THE BLOGGER

My photo
Director/Directrice, Centre for the Study and Research of African Women in Cinema | Centre pour l'étude et la recherche des femmes africaines dans le cinéma

Translate

Search This Blog

08 March 2010

A Conversation with Isabelle Boni-Claverie by Beti Ellerson

(Photo © Pascal Gentil)
Franco-Ivoirien, Isabelle Boni-Claverie, writer, filmmaker, cultural activist | écrivaine, cinéaste, activiste culturelle
 
Version française ci-après


Isabelle, could you detail your own development in cinema, your films, how they have been received?

I have been working in cinema since ten years. When my first short film, The Genius of Abou was released in festivals, as it was very personal and relatively successful, people thought that I had finished my studies and were now awaiting my feature film. In fact, I had just arrived at Fémis (École Nationale Supérieure des Métiers de l'Image et du Son) as an apprentice screenwriter, and I never imagined being a cineaste. It took me some time to actually wear this second hat. I have made some short documentaries but I am first and foremost a “fiction” person. I need to recreate a story through my perception of reality in order to make it visible. In 2004, I made a second short film in Marseille, Pour la nuit (For the Night), for which I had a lot of means, a technical team of fifty people, and as many extras. It really was the cinema! This film convinced the producers that I had to make a feature film. I currently have two projects in the works. One is a psychological thriller that takes place in the United States and will be shot in English. The other is a comedy that will, hopefully, give a different view of black people in France, particularly those of African origin. But the hat that I wear for the moment is that of screenwriter. It's my job, I've acquired a real expertise and I am happy that it is now recognized in the profession.

Could you talk about the film Pour la nuit and its reception?

It is a story that I wrote spontaneously in one night. I submitted the synopsis to my producer who said, “let’s do it!” At the time, I do not know why, I wanted to shoot in Sweden. I wanted my character to be in a city where she would feel completely foreign. And I like the North Sea, its vast desert beaches. The producer thought that Sweden was a bit expensive... So I suggested Côte d'Ivoire, a very urban film where Abidjan would be a character in itself. I crisscrossed Abidjan a lot at night when I was a teenager. I had very unique experiences, often poetic, that I've never seen transcribed in a film. The producer gave the OK. Yet, it was not that much cheaper! While waiting for replies for funding the political situation began to worsen in Côte d'Ivoire. There was so much distrust, so much violence, including the lugubrious "death squads", that it no longer seemed possible to make a film there that would be shot almost entirely in the exterior and at night. I settled for Marseille, which like Abidjan, is a city built on the edge of the water, with long roads, and a cosmopolitan environment. Of course, I did not make the same film. But I think that I was able to keep most of what I wanted to say: How each copes with life’s grief, even in a less conventional way. I was very touched by the reactions of audiences at various festivals in which I presented. Many times women came to me spontaneously, saying they had responded similarly during a loss. While this is a film about death, many have said it was a wonderful call to life. I very much appreciated receiving the Signis Ecumenical Jury Prize or that of the "prix du public" at the Amiens prison. The prisoners told me that they felt good to hear about love and to see a "little rascal" who also had her share of humanity. These are the kinds of reactions that give meaning to the films that one makes.

I really like the film. I see it in the context of identity, especially identity in movement, in Africa and Europe. Muriel seems very at ease as a Frenchwoman but I sense ambivalence in her bi-racial identity, especially vis-à-vis her mother, though I also feel a tension with her father. In reflecting on the debate raging about identity in France right now, could you reflect on your identity as a Franco-Ivorian and your film Pour la nuit in this context?

The debate over national identity in France is a false debate about a false problem. The French nation has always been diverse. This diversity is visible more now than ever and people no longer want to deny a part of themselves in order to melt into a model of assimilation. It irritates some disgruntled people. But the French have rejected this debate by an overwhelming majority. However, there is still some way to go for a “metissage”, whether cultural or ethnic, to become fully accepted. When you are mixed, you are always asked to choose. As if you could amputate a part of yourself! I feel completely French in France and fully Ivorian in Côte d'Ivoire. I'm not accountable to anyone, and certainly am under no obligation to prove my nationality, which, in fact, from the very start I had no choice in the matter! As I enjoy saying sometimes, the only person in my family who actually migrated was my grandmother. She was white, French, and she came to settle in Côte d'Ivoire.

Undoubtedly, it is hard to situate my character Muriel in Pour la nuit. She made her choice, to identify with her father who is white. Perhaps her mother did not give her sufficient reason to be proud of her African-ness or, she simply did not transmit her culture to her daughter. So, Muriel finds it very difficult to connect to the black part of herself. At the same time she feels that if she does not, something is missing, hence her aggression towards her father. Her encounter with a young man of Arab origin will enable her to connect with that part of herself which comes from elsewhere. Then and only then, will she finally be able to mourn her deceased mother.

You are also a writer...

Yes, I wrote a novel, La Grande Dévoreuse, when I was very young, at age seventeen, which was published. Then a few stories have appeared in literary magazines or have remained unpublished. It's La Grande Dévoreuse which led me to cinema because I wanted this story to continue to live in other ways. I love telling stories, inventing worlds, creating characters. To write responses to my deep curiosity of others and to help me better understand the world in which I live. In doing so, I hope to help those who read my work or watch my films, by giving them the emotional and spiritual keys to understand their own reality.

All of these creative elements, do you live each one separately? Together?

Together. Everything is connected and shares the same source. A story can live in me as a literary form. The images and sensations that the text arouses in me can give me the desire to make a film, or several. A number of my scenarios were born from new material, which I hope to publish someday.

Could you talk a bit about cinema in Côte d'Ivoire and your experiences with your colleagues there?

I do not know this milieu very well as I live and work in France, but also because there is simply no longer a cinema in Côte d'Ivoire! The "elders" of the first generation have died or no longer make films. There has not actually been a change of hands that has taken place. There was a policy put in place in the late 1990s to provide an institutional base to structure a film industry. It was a good policy, and at that time some Ivoirian colleagues and I established the association CORI, to implement on-site projects. But then the coups and war started, breaking the momentum. Today, the only really interesting initiative that I know of is an international festival of short films, CIFA, which takes place every two years in Abidjan.

I notice that you are immersed in the new technology of the Internet and the digital…

Yes, I love my computer and the Internet! I often say that if there were an object that I had to take on a desert island, it would be my laptop equipped with a Wifi connection. Even alone I would continue to feel like a citizen of the world.

Interview with Isabelle Boni-Claverie by Beti Ellerson, February 2010. Translation from French by Beti Ellerson.




(Photo © Pascal Gentil)
Isabelle, peux-tu élaborer sur ton évolution dans le cinéma, tes films, comment ils sont reçus ?

Cela fait maintenant dix ans que je travaille dans le cinéma. Quand mon premier court métrage, « Le Génie d’Abou » est sorti dans les festivals, comme il était très personnel et relativement abouti, les gens ont cru que j’avais fini mes études et attendaient mon long métrage. En fait, je venais tout juste d’entrer à la Fémis, comme apprentie scénariste, et je ne m’étais jamais imaginée réalisatrice. Cela m’a pris du temps d’assumer cette seconde casquette. J’ai réalisé quelques documentaires courts mais je suis avant tout quelqu’un de fiction. J’ai besoin de recréer à travers une histoire ma perception de la réalité pour mieux la donner à voir. En 2004, j’ai réalisé à Marseille un second court métrage, « Pour la Nuit », pour lequel j’ai eu beaucoup de moyens, une équipe technique de 50 personnes, et autant de figurants, c’était vraiment du cinéma ! Ce film a convaincu les producteurs que je devais réaliser un long métrage. J’ai actuellement deux projets en cours. L’un est un thriller psychologique qui se passe aux Etats-Unis et sera tourné en anglais. L’autre une comédie qui donnera, je l’espère, un autre regard sur les Noirs de France, en particulier ceux d’origine africaine.
Mais ma première casquette, pour le moment, c’est celle de scénariste. C’est mon métier, j’y ai acquis un réel savoir-faire et je suis heureuse que celui-ci soit aujourd’hui reconnu dans la profession.

Ton film « Pour la nuit » et sa réception…

C’est une histoire que j’ai écrite, comme ça, en une nuit. J’ai présenté le synopsis à mon producteur qui a dit banco. A l’époque, je ne sais pas pourquoi, j’avais envie tourner en Suède. Je voulais que mon personnage se retrouve dans une ville où elle se sentirait totalement étrangère. Et j’aime la mer du Nord, ses immenses plages désertes. Le producteur a trouvé que la Suède c’était un peu cher… Alors je lui ai proposé la Côte d’Ivoire, un film très urbain où Abidjan serait un personnage à part entière. J’ai beaucoup sillonné Abidjan la nuit quand j’étais adolescente. J’y ai vécu des choses singulières, souvent poétiques, que je n’ai jamais vues retranscrites dans un film. Le producteur a dit OK. Pourtant ce n’était pas tellement plus économique ! J’attendais des réponses de financement quand la situation politique a commencé à empirer en Côte d’Ivoire. Il y avait une telle méfiance, une telle violence, notamment avec les lugubres « escadrons de la mort », que ça ne paraissait pas possible de faire un film là-bas qui se passait presque entièrement en extérieurs et de nuit. Je me suis rabattue sur Marseille qui est, comme Abidjan, une ville construite au bord de l’eau, avec de longues routes, et un environnement cosmopolite. Bien sûr, je n’ai pas fait le même film. Mais j’ai préservé je crois l’essentiel de ce que je voulais dire : Comment chacun compose avec les deuils de la vie, même si c’est de la manière la moins conventionnelle qui soit. J’ai été très touchée par les réactions des publics dans les différents festivals où je l’ai présenté. Plusieurs fois des femmes sont venues me voir spontanément en me disant qu’elles avaient réagi de la même façon lors d’un deuil. Alors que c’est un film qui parle de la mort, on m’a souvent dit que c’était un magnifique appel à la vie. J’ai ainsi beaucoup apprécié de recevoir le prix du jury œcuménique Signis ou celui de la prison d’Amiens. Les prisonniers m’ont dit que cela leur faisait du bien d’entendre parler d’amour et de voir un « lascar » qui avait aussi sa part d’humanité. C’est ce genre de réactions qui donnent du sens aux films que l’on fait.

J’aime beaucoup le film. Je le vois dans le contexte d’identité, surtout une identité en mouvement—africaine et européenne. Muriel me semble très à l’aise comme française mais je vois une ambivalence en tant que métisse, surtout vis-à-vis de sa mère, mais tout de même je sens une tension avec son père. En réfléchissant sur le débat qui fait rage sur l’identité en France en ce moment, Peux-tu parler de toi en tant que franco-ivoirienne et ton film « Pour la nuit « dans ce contexte ?

Le débat sur l’identité nationale en France est un faux débat pour un faux problème. La nation française a toujours été diverse. Il se trouve qu’aujourd’hui cette diversité est plus visible qu’avant et que plus personne n’a envie de renier une partie de soi-même pour se fondre dans un modèle assimilationniste. Ca énerve quelques esprits chagrins. Mais les Français ont rejeté ce débat à une écrasante majorité. Cela dit, il reste encore du chemin à faire pour que le métissage, qu’il soit culturel ou ethnique, devienne parfaitement accepté. Quand vous êtes métis on vous demande toujours de choisir. Comme si vous pouviez vous amputer d’une part de vous-même ! Moi je me sens entièrement française en France et totalement ivoirienne en Côte d’Ivoire. J’estime que je n’ai de comptes à rendre à personne, et certainement pas d’efforts à produire pour mériter une quelconque nationalité que je n’ai, de toute façon, pas choisie au départ ! Comme je m’amuse parfois à dire, la seule personne dans ma famille qui a émigré, c’était ma grand-mère. Elle était blanche, française, et elle est venue s’installer en Côte d’Ivoire.

De toute évidence, dans « Pour la Nuit », mon personnage, Muriel, a du mal à se situer. Elle a fait le choix du père qui est blanc. Peut-être sa mère ne lui a-t-elle pas donné assez de raisons d’être fière de son africanité ou ne lui a-t-elle tout simplement pas transmis sa culture. Du coup, Muriel a beaucoup de mal à se relier à cette part d’elle qui est noire. En même temps elle sent bien que si elle ne le fait pas, quelque chose lui manque, d’où son agressivité à l’égard de son père. Sa rencontre avec un jeune homme d’origine arabe va lui permettre d’entrer en lien avec cette partie d’elle qui vient d’ailleurs. Alors, et seulement alors, elle va enfin pouvoir pleurer sa mère défunte.

Tu es aussi écrivaine…

Oui, j’ai écrit un roman, très jeune, à l’âge de 17 ans, qui a été publié : « La Grande Dévoreuse ». Puis quelques nouvelles parues dans des revues littéraires ou restées inédites. C’est « La Grande Dévoreuse » qui m’a amenée au cinéma parce que j’avais envie que cette histoire continue à vivre par d’autres moyens. J’adore raconter des histoires, inventer des univers, créer des personnages. Ecrire répond à ma profonde curiosité pour les autres et m’aide à mieux comprendre le monde dans lequel je vis. Ce faisant, j’espère aider ceux qui me lisent ou regardent mes films, en leur donnant des clefs émotionnelles et spirituelles pour appréhender leur propre réalité.

Tous ces éléments créatifs, tu les vis séparément ? Ensemble ?

Ensemble. Tout est lié et part de la même source. Une histoire peut vivre en moi sous forme littéraire. Les images et les sensations que font naître en moi ce texte peuvent me donner envie d’en faire un film, voire même plusieurs. Plusieurs de mes scénarios sont nés de nouvelles inédites que j’espère publier un jour.

Et le cinéma en Côte d'Ivoire ? As-tu des rapports avec tes collègues sur place ?

Je le connais mal car je vis et travaille en France, mais aussi parce qu’il n’y a tout simplement plus de cinéma en Côte d’Ivoire ! Les « anciens » de la première génération sont morts ou ne font plus de films. On ne peut pas parler à proprement dit de relève sur place. Il y avait eu la volonté politique à la fin des années 90 de structurer le cinéma en le dotant de moyens institutionnels. C’était une bonne politique, et à cette époque, avec quelques amis réalisateurs comme moi d’origine ivoirienne, nous avions créé une association, le CORI, pour mettre en place des projets sur place. Mais les coups d’Etats et la guerre sont survenus, brisant cet élan. Aujourd’hui, la seule initiative vraiment intéressante que je connaisse est celle d’un festival international de courts métrage, le FICA, qui a lieu tous les deux ans à Abidjan.

Je remarque que tu profites pleinement de la nouvelle technologie de l’Internet et du numérique.

Oui, j’adore mon ordinateur et Internet ! Je dis souvent que s’il y a un objet que je devais emporter sur une île déserte, ce serait mon ordinateur portable muni d’une connexion Wi-fi. Même seule, je continuerais ainsi à me sentir citoyenne du monde.

Entretien avec Isabelle Boni-Claverie par Beti Ellerson, Février 2010






(Re)Discover: Isabelle Boni-Claverie, writer, filmmaker, cultural activist | écrivaine, cinéaste, activiste culturelle

(Photo © Pascal Gentil)
(Re)Discover: Isabelle Boni-Claverie, writer, filmmaker, cultural activist | écrivaine, cinéaste, activiste culturelle

Articles on the African Women in Cinema Blog


Trop noire pour être française ? | Too black to be French?
by/de Isabelle Boni-Claverie
https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2015/05/arte-trop-noire-pour-etre-francaise-too.html

"Pour la nuit" by Isabelle Boni-Claverie
https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2010/08/pour-la-nuit-by-isabelle-boni-claverie.html

A Conversation with Isabelle Boni-Claverie | Entretien avec Isabelle Boni-Claverie
https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2010/03/conversation-with-isabelle-boni.html

03 March 2010

JCFA 2010 : Les Journées cinématographiques de la femme africaine de l'image

Les Journées cinématographiques de la femme africaine de l'image JCFA 2010

Un nouveau festival en alternance avec le Fespaco


Entre deux éditions, le Fespaco organisera désormais les Journées cinématographiques de la femme africaine de l'image (JCFA) dont la première édition aura lieu à Ouagadougou du 3 au 7 mars 2010.

27 February 2010

African Women and Animation Cinema

African Women and Animation Cinema by Beti Ellerson (published 27 February 2010, updated 09 February 2022)
While animation cinema is not yet well developed in Africa, several African women have positioned themselves as important players in this domain, as animation filmmakers, creative producers and business partners. Cilia Sawadogo of German-Burkinabé descent, based in Montreal, draws from the rich oral tradition of Africa, and the everyday experiences of Quebec. Malian Kadiatou Konaté works both in documentary and animation. Her puppet animation film L’Enfant terrible (1993) traces the mischievous adventures of a little boy. Aïda Ndiaye co-directs Pictoon, the Dakar-based animation film company created in 1998. In 2000, Isabelle Rorke co-founded Anamazing Workshop, an animation production company in South Africa.

Moreover, Sade Adeniran, Marguerite Abouet, Comfort Arthur, Ng’endo Mukii, Nadia Rais, Ebele Okoye, Adjaratou Ouedraogo, Diane Sanou, Bruktawit Tigabu, are among a growing cohort of women in the field of animation cinema in Africa and its ever-growing diaspora. 

Pioneer Cilia Sawadogo who made her first film in 1992, had this to say about how she came to animation filmmaking:

At first, I wanted to work in television, but afterwards I found that it was much more interesting to work in animation because I draw quite a bit. I genuinely like drawing and I think that it is a way to express oneself and to be able to express universal ideas. There are many of my films that don't have dialogue and this allows me to touch a larger audience, such as… Le joueur de cora (The Cora Player). (1)

She elaborates on the traditional, drawn animation process that she uses to produce her films:

Animation requires a different approach to filmmaking. Initially we draw everything. It is not like conventional filmmaking where you tell an actor to cross the street, then the actor crosses and you shoot the action. In animation if I want my character to cross the street, I draw the action in twenty-four images per second to show him or her crossing the street.

It is a great deal of work, which means that the cost of filming is very expensive. It demands a lot of time and work and there are many people who work on it, and they must be paid. It is an artistic concept that is particularly thorough because one must envision the scene down to the smallest detail and create the costumes and the decor. Drawing the decor is not like composing images and then photographing them, or setting up a decor and then filming it. It must be entirely imagined and designed. It is a different approach. An animation film is visualized. The film is actually drawn. (2)

Kadiatou Konaté studied filmmaking in Senegal in the 1980s and developed her skills while working with her compatriot and renowned filmmaker Souleymane Cissé during the production of the award-winning film Yeelen. While documentary films have been a focus of her work, she is equally drawn to the storytelling nature of animation, which she finds to be an “excellent medium for children” to educate them “about the tales, customs, culture and realities of Africa.” (3)

Similarly, Adjaratou Ouedraogo draws from the riches of African storytelling: “Africa is full of resources, through its history, which has always been handed down from generation to generation by the guardian griots, the carriers of African wealth. For a first I bring out this traditional side of the African continent. And this explains the reasons why the realisation was done this way.”

Aïda Ndiaye, a businesswoman in Senegal, is equally passionate about telling African stories and thus the start of a partnership with French-Cameroonian animation filmmaker Pierre Sauvalle to create the Dakar-based animation studio Pictoon. The internationally acclaimed Kabongo (2002), a 13-part cartoon series target for youth, made entirely in Africa, is the shining star of Pictoon.

South African creative producer Isabelle Rorke was also driven by the need to tell African stories, and together with executive producer Dumisani Gumbi created the company Anamazing in 2000. Like Kadiatou Konaté, she had a desire to provide African children with positive images of Africa and its culture: “Kids are becoming increasingly detached from their various cultures; because it is both entertaining and educational, animation can help to incorporate our own local values and norms back into their live…” (4)

While there has been a burgeoning focus on animation filmmaking in Africa, it is important to recognize veteran filmmaker Mousapha Alassane of Niger, a pioneer in animation as early as 1966. As a result of the growing interest in this genre, several initiatives have been made to increase the efforts of continental-based production  and exhibition of African animation films. The very promising trend of African animation film festivals attests to the success of this genre on the continent. Festival de cinéma d'animation africain de Ouagadougou (The African Animation Film Festival of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) was created in 2007. Senegal organized its first traveling festival of animation film, Festival Afrikabok, in 2009. Also in 2009, the African animation festival, Animafrik, was organized in Ghana.

The UNESCO project “Africa Animated” was launched to inspire local training and production with a specific focus on the creation of children’s animated cartoons in Africa. The interest in children-focused programming for African youth has been a long-standing objective, as indicated in the theme of the 15th edition of Fespaco in 1997, "Cinema, Childhood, and Youth." Florence Yameogo stresses the importance of presenting African images to African children:

I was very pleased with the choice of this year's theme, "Cinema, Childhood and Youth" because it was a theme in which I was already interested. Through this topic, I felt that we were given the opportunity to really think about the impact that images have on our children. I work for the television and we have very few national programs for children. We know that children like to imitate, and so everything that they see on television they try to imitate. We are realizing that if we make films that address their needs in particular, that treat themes and subjects that interest them, that, in fact, we will actually participate in their intellectual, cultural and physical development. (5)

These sentiments resonate directly with the objectives of the Association Burkinabé du Cinéma d’Animation, who launched a crowdfunding campaign to finance the animated series Afrogames (2013). The Indiegogo site describes the project made in Burkina Faso : …[It] recounts tales of African society through the eyes of five children and their passion for the games and amusements of Africa. (6) Diane Sanou, co-writer and editor of the first episode of Afrogames led the crowdfunding campaign to raise the requisite budget for the implementation of the second episode of the series.

Similarly, Pokou the Ashanti Princess (2013) produced by Afrikatoon, has a targeted audience of children from 7 years old. The protagonist, Abla Pokou who is a young woman, is based on a real-life history of a princess who played an important role in the history of Côte d’Ivoire and particularly the Ashanti kingdom. Hence, she serves as an empowering figure in general and as a role model for girls.

Bruktawit Tigabu of Ethiopia has a similar objective for the animation project Tibeb Girls. As an elementary teacher, she works to improve literacy among her students, and finds it is even more urgent for young girls. Hence, the three young super heroines “take the audience on a fun, imaginative and educational journey”.

Ebele Okoye grew up in southeastern Nigeria where, like many African filmmakers, oral storytelling was the collective experience of the society. She yearned to share these stories, recounted around the fire, under the moonlight, and it was through the medium of animation filmmaking that she fulfilled that dream.

Because of the dearth of film schools in Nigeria at that time, she went to Germany to study 2D Cartoon Animation at the International Film School Cologne. After graduation, she worked as studio animator and director/producer of her own short films. For The Legacy of Rubies (2015) project she partnered with the Nigerian animation production studio Shrinkfish Ltd, the producers of the film.

Marguerite Abouet, who lived in Côte d’Ivoire until the age of 12 years old, had this to say at the preview screening of the film Aya de Yopougon (2011) during the Annecy Film Festival:  When listening to the media, I do not recognise the Africa of my childhood, so I decided to show a version that is closer to the daily lives of Africans, which though indeed it does exist, does not focus on war or famine. (7)

Ingrid Agbo is the creator and director of the animation film l'Arbre à Palimpseste. After working as a camera operator and director, her passion for animation tv shows finally caught up with her. As a child, she dreamed of an animated story about African history, so she decided to create it. (8)

Kenyan filmmaker/animator Ng’endo Mukii produced Yellow Fever (2012) because of her concern about the growing practice of skin bleaching in Africa. She had this to say about her purpose for making the film:  I am interested in the concept of skin and race, and what they imply; in the ideas and theories sown into our flesh that change with the arc of time. The idea of beauty has become globalised, creating homogenous aspirations, and distorting people’s self-image across the planet. In my film, I focus on African women’s self-image, through memories and interviews; using mixed media to describe this almost schizophrenic self-visualization that I and many others have grown up with. (9)

Similarly, British-Ghanaian Comfort Arthur attempts to tackle the phenomenon of skin bleaching with her film Black Barbie (2017), where she comes to terms with her own issues regarding the colour of her skin. In addition, her 2018 film, Red is a semi-biographical short film about the childhood memories of her father.

Cilia Sawadogo hopes that animation films will reach a universal audience, as she enjoys making films for both adults and children:

Yes, we are often the victims of a certain stereotype when doing animation films. Especially when they are presented in festivals where there are no animation films at all. Moreover, people often don't really know what animation is. Yet, many animation films are made for the general public or even for adults only. Oftentimes children don't really understand what is going on or they are not comfortable with what they are seeing. I think in the West there is not a large market for animation films for adults. However, we find in Asia that adults watch animation films just as much as they do other films. Personally, I like doing films for children. It does not bother me at all. I enjoy it very much and I find that I have much more freedom. Because for children we can do things very "fly" as we call it here in Montreal, with much fantasy and fun, where the filmmaker can really let herself go. One is not obliged to be too down-to-earth, and I like that, actually. (10)

Report by Beti Ellerson updated 31 January 2021.

Notes
(1) Conversation with Cilia Sawadogo by Beti Ellerson in 1997. Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa in Film, Video and Television, Africa World Press, 2000.
(2) Conversation with Cilia Sawadogo by Beti Ellerson in 1997. Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa in Film, Video and Television, Africa World Press, 2000.
(3) African Animators Collaborate on Mali Tale for Children by Dana Hearne [http://ctr.concordia.ca/2002-03/Sept_12/10-Animators/index.shtml]
(4) Isabelle Rorke and Dumisania Gumbi: Character Building by Monique Verduyn
[http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/article/h/?a=1621&z=163&title=Isabelle+Rorke+%26+Dumisania+Gumbi%3A+Character+Building]
(5) Conversation with Florentine Yameogo by Beti Ellerson in 1997. Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa in Film, Video and Television, Africa World Press, 2000.
(6) Afrogames
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/afrogames-burkina-animated#/
(7) Aya de Yopougon un film d'animation gai sur l'Afrique "sans misérabilisme"
http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/culture/20130612.AFP5917/aya-de-yopougon-un-film-d-animation-gai-sur-l-afrique-sans-miserabilisme.html
(8) l'Arbre à Palimpseste-KissKissBankBank
https://www.kisskissbankbank.com/fr/projects/l-arbre-a-palimpseste-la-serie
(9) Ng’endo Mukii, Filmmaker’s notes of intention: on Vimeo
https://vimeo.com/122574484 
(10) Conversation with Cilia Sawadogo by Beti Ellerson in 1997. Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa in Film, Video and Television, Africa World Press, 2000. 

Relevant Links
- An animation studio grows in Senegal
http://www.spike.com/video/africa-open-for/2832553 - No Longer Active
 
- Animation History in Africa by Andy Wallace
http://www.awphoto.biz/Animation%20history%20in%20Africa.pdf - No longer active
 
- Africa Animated - UNESCO
http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?pg=34&pattern=UNESCO+Africa+Animated!+1

- Le Studio Pictoon a Dakar
http://www.planete-senegal.com/int/videos/index.php?video=86

SEE AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG POSTS ON ANIMATION:
 

Super Sema. An Afro-futuristic animation series: Time to Change the World
https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2021/03/super-sema-afro-futuristic-animation.html
 









18 February 2010

A Glance at Ethiopian Women in Cinema, Visual Media and Screen Culture

Ethiopian Women in Cinema,
Visual Media and Screen Culture

Updated in January 2021

When I asked pioneer Ethiopian filmmaker Salem Mekuria in 1997 about the presence of Ethiopian women in cinema she stated that while there were those who worked for the government, she was the only independent filmmaker—enthusiastically embracing the emerging group of women that have now come of age.

At the present, Ethiopian women in cinema are imposing themselves both in Ethiopia and the Diaspora, as the extra-Ethiopia territories, notably the United States, have been the locations from which the first group has developed. It is not surprising that the United States counts a significant number of Ethiopian women as it has the largest population of Ethiopians outside of Africa.

Salem Mekuria, based in Massachusetts was trained in documentary filmmaking in the 1980s at NOVA, WGBH-TV, a Boston-based PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) science-focused public television program. In the 1990s Lucy Gebre-Egziabher and Aida Muluneh studied film at Howard University in Washington, DC where their compatriot, internationally acclaimed Haile Gerima is film professor—both completed their studies in the early 2000s. While Aida Muluneh chose image studies early as an undergraduate student, Lucy Gebre-Egziabher returned to school to study film while working as a senior program officer in international education, realising a dream she had since childhood. During that same period, Aida Ashenafi completed film studies at Ithaca College in the state of New York in 1999. Like Salem Mekuria, U.S.-born African-American-Ethiopian Nnegest Likké got her training inside the industry, initially with a public access community television station in Los Angeles, California. 

Salem Mekuria honed her filmmaking skills while working on themes related to the African American community of Massachusetts, the region where she lives and works. She later focused her camera on Africa in the two acclaimed works for which she is most known. She dealt with social and political issues relating to women refugees in the film, Sidet: Forced Exile (1991), and the multilayered issues of revolution, lost, and betrayal in the film, Ye Wonz Maibel: Deluge (1997). From the very beginning of her film projects, Lucy Gebre-Egziabher directed her gaze towards issues relating to the Ethiopian Diaspora in the Washington DC area. Her last film, At the Second Traffic Light (2000) has a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and inter-religious focus with the intentions of highlighting the importance of tolerance. At the same time a filmmaker, Aida Muleneh is best known for her photographic work, notably in the 2003 seminal exhibition Ethiopian Passages: Dialogues in the Diaspora at the National Museum of African Art at the Smithsonian in Washington DC. Her film work in progress, Unhealing Wound, traces the experiences of Ethiopian war orphans raised and schooled in Cuba beginning in 1978, during the government of Mengistu Hailemariam. Aida Ashenafi, after studying, living, and working in the United States, returned to Ethiopia where she co-founded a communications company. Her award winning film Guzow (2009) is a documentary set in rural Ethiopia.

Nnegest Likké represents the first-generation of U.S.-born Ethiopians, her Ethiopian father met her African-American mother while they were both students at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s. Perhaps her comedy film, Phat Girlz (2006) with an “African twist”, is indicative of the influences of Hollywood, rather than a more “engaged” cinema evident in the works by other Ethiopian women. 

Perhaps, the emergence of a film culture among the U.S.-born first-gens of Ethiopian descent is evident in the filmmaking practices of Saaret Yoseph and Mignotae Kebede, who have focused on themes related to issues in the city where they live, Washington DC. However, this does not imply that Ethiopian-related themes are not dear to them as well. Mignotae Kebede, for instance, founded the non-profit Lasting Impact for Ethiopia (LIFE) while still an undergraduate student. Nonetheless, the social and culture fabric of a once-predominantly African-American city attracts their attention. Washingtonian Saaret Yoseph’s Red Line D.C. explores the underground world of graffiti artists who make their art clandestinely along the WMATA red line. Californian Mignotae Kebede, who studied in Washington D.C. and now lives and works there, is working on her documentary project called “What Happened 2 Chocolate City.” Like Red Line D.C. the documentary explores the social and cultural implications of a gentrifying city. Sosena Solomon, born in Kenya and raised in the United States, turned her gaze to her ancestral home, where she returned to make the film Merkato about the famous open air market of Addis Ababa.

Beyond the U.S. Ethiopian Diaspora cultural critics and film activists are dispersed in countries such as France, Lebanon, Norway and South Africa by way of Sweden. While French-based Maji-da Abdi has also directed documentary films, notably The River Between Us (2001), her most visible work has been as producer and film professional in many African film-related initiatives, including an interest in Ethiopia-based film training. Though no longer active, she created the “Images that Matter International Short Film Festival” in Addis Ababa.

Performance artist, actress, cultural activist Hannah Wozene Kvam, raised in Norway, made the film Wozene, min siste favoritt, Wozene, the last favourite (2002), co-directed with Ingvil Giske, which follows her own path. Adopted into an Ethiopian family in Norway as an infant, she returned to Ethiopia as an adult in search of her biological family. In her experiences as cultural worker and cultural activist, she is an outspoken critic of the racism and discrimination against people of colour in Norway.

Katarina Hedrén, though her lived experience is very different than Hannah Wozene Kvam, she too was adopted from her Ethiopian ancestral home and grew up in Scandinavia, and has given critical insights into transnational adoption practices in Sweden. Based in South Africa, Katarina Hedrén continues her film activism and festival organizing, which one may follow on her blog, “In the words of Katarina”.

Rahel Zegeye who has lived in Lebanon as a domestic worker for many years, used her savings to make the fiction film Beirut, about her and other Ethiopian women's experiences living in the Lebanese capital. Rahel Zegeye’s advocacy has become increasingly visible, as our interview in 2011 became her clarion call for the plight of domestic workers in Lebanon and beyond. She also wrote and directed the play “Shouting Without a Listener” which calls attention to the plight of domestic workers in Lebanese society.

On the continent, the increasing presence of women, locally and on the international scene represents a promising trend of Ethiopia-trained filmmakers. Since the 2000’s efforts to establish Ethiopian-based film training bodies have multiplied. Notably, the Blue Nile Film and TV Academy where Yewbdar Anbessie produced her student short film 40:60 (2010) as a member of the first group of students in the directing class. Hiwot Admasu Getaneh, also an alumna of Blue Nile, has gained visibility with her film New Eyes (2015).

One of the objectives of the First Ethiopian Film Initiative Meeting held in Addis Ababa in 2008 was to tackle the important issue of film training, as there is a lack of viable film schools in the country. Yetnayet Bahru Gessesse addressed this problem at the meeting in her presentation, “A Young Filmmaker’s Personal Experience”. Though she completed her studies in computer science, her passion for cinema gave her the motivation to navigate the Ethiopian cinematic terrain through trial and error, as a professional cinema infrastructure does not exist. After her successful debut film Aldewolem (2008), a romantic comedy, she participated in a filmmaking workshop in Burkina Faso in 2009, at the Imagine Film Training Institute founded by Gaston Kaboré. Similarly, Aster Bedane enrolled in the Imagine workshop, which produced the short film Phenomena. 

The active presence of women in the emerging Ethiopian cinema culture is evident in their visible participation at the Ethiopian Film Initiative Meeting and the active and supportive reception of their films, both in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Diaspora. Their numbers are increasing as well as the resources for making films. One initiative “From Addis to Cannes” has been existence since 2010. Biennially, (IEFTA) International Emerging Talent Film and (EFI) Ethiopian Film Initiative collaborates to sponsor a trip for the selected participants to the Cannes Film Festival. During the trip to Cannes the filmmakers have an opportunity to meet various leading producers and representatives. At the 2014 edition there was a visible presence of women, featuring Adanech Admassu Fessiha, Hermon Hailay, Hiwot Admasu Getaneh, Yamrot Nigussie Zenebe.

Inevitably, the Ethiopian Diaspora will continue to play a vital part in the efforts to enhance the roles of women in leadership positions in cinema. In fact, the connecting forces of the two have strengthened both, as there is a concerted effort to build and work together, drawing from the positive energies that each has to offer. One such initiative is Lucy Gebre-Egziabher’s Women on a Mission, born out of a campaign to raise awareness on issues regarding gender based violence in Ethiopia. To tackle these issues, at the end of her stay as Fulbright scholar, at the request of the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa, she developed a weeklong screenwriting workshop entitled “Telling Herstory”, designed for Ethiopian women journalists and filmmakers. In addition to teaching the workshop she has followed its successes as it continues to thrive, for instance, the formalization of the Ethiopian Women Filmmakers Association is in the pipeline. She continues to work with the Women on a Mission project through her U.S.-based activities at NOVA, the community college where she is a professor of film, notably the Ethiopian New Wave Filmmakers.

Elementary teacher Bruktawit Tigabu envisions an early start to women’s empowerment. Through the use of animation films, she hopes to inspire young Ethiopian girls, especially through literacy and education. She is developing the “Tibeb Girls Series”, an animation project about three young super heroines. Hence an upcoming generation will be conscious of the power of realistic images that girls and women themselves can create.

Journalist/writer Bitania Tadesse describes the rapid growth of country-based Ethiopian television series and films in the last decade and women’s increasing visibility in these Amharic-language productions. Examples are  Bisrat Gemechu, Ruth Mengsteab, Kidsan Tadesse, Mekdes Tsegaye, Azeb Worku, Kidist Yilma.(1)

The emerging scholarship on Ethiopian women in cinema, television and visual media, particularly on locally-produced content, offers an important contribution to the field of African women in cinema studies. Studies by Eyerusalem Kassahun, “Women’s Participation in Ethiopian Cinema”, 2018, Bitania Tadesse, “Female Forces in Ethiopian TV and Film, 2018; Gashaw G/abe and Ayele Addis, “The Image of Women in Ethiopian Film Media Culture”, 2016, Kenaw Gebreselassie, "The Portrayal of Women in Ethiopian Television Advertisements, 2006"; Abebech Wolde, "Representation of Women in Ethiopian National News Media Decision-Making, 2007," who is also Executive Director of the Ethiopian Media Women's Association (EMWA) and Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) Coordinator for Ethiopia, are examples of this burgeoning research.

In "The Women Blowing up Ethiopia's Film Industry", scholar Steven W. Thomas traces the contributions of Ethiopian women in cinema, adding an important discourse to African Women in Cinema studies on the works of Ethiopian women in the country as well as the Ethiopian diaspora.

Following is a growing list of Ethiopian women in cinema, visual media and screen culture including, filmmakers, producers, critics, scholars who live and work in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian diaspora:

Maji-da Abdi, Adanech Admassu, Yewbdar Anbessie, Aida Ashenafi, Yetnayet Bahru, Aster Bedane, Jessica Beshir, Lucy Gebre-Egziabher, Hiwot Admasu Getaneh, Bisrat Gemechu, Eskedar Girmay, Hermon Hailey, Hawi Hailu, Katarina Hedrén, Eyerusalem Kassahun, Mignotae Kebede, Hannah Wozene Kvam, Nnegest Likké, Mehret Mandefro, Salem Mekuria, Ruth Mengsteab, Aida Muluneh, Yamrot Nigussie, Sosena Solomon, Bitania Tadesse, Helen Tadesse, Kidsan Tadesse, Bruktawit Tigabu, Mekdes Tsegaye, Feven Tadesse, Seble Wada, Abedech Wolde, Arsema Worku, Azeb Worku, Kidist Yilma, Saaret Yoseph, Keyirat Yusuf, Rahel Zegeye

(1) Bitania Tadesse. Les Femmes dans le cinéma et à la télévision éthiopienne | Female Forces in Ethiopian TV and Film. Awotele No. 9 - Mars/March 2018.
Note: Several of the women on the list are drawn from Steven W. Thomas's research.


REPORT BY BETI ELLERSON 


Ethiopian Women in Cinema Links on the African Women in Cinema Blog:

2020
 
14 December 2020
"The Women Blowing up Ethiopia's Film Industry". An essay by film scholar Steven W. Thomas 
 
17- Aug 2020 - Tamara Mariam Dawit: "Finding Sally" (Ethiopia/Canada)


2018
13 - Feb 2018 - Lucy Gebre-Egziabher: A Woman on a Mission
https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.fr/2018/02/lucy-gebre-egziabher-woman-on-mission.html


2017
27 – Oct 2017 - Lucy Gebre-Egziabher: Films Without Walls, Call for Collaboration - https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.fr/2017/10/lucy-gebre-egziabher-films-without.html

26 Apr 2017 - Tibeb Girls, an animation project by Bruktawit Tigabu -https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.fr/2017/04/tibeb-girls-animation-project-by.html


2016
02 Jul 2016 - Producer Ledet Muleta launches Kickstarter crowdfunding for Chula, about mental illness in Africa and African diaspora - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2016/07/producer-ledet-muleta-launches.html


2015

20 Feb 2015 - FESPACO 2015 – Hermon Hailay: “Price of Love” | “Le Prix d’amour” - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2015/02/fespaco-2015-hermon-hailay-price-of.html


2014
16 Dec 2014 - Crowdfunding BEN & ARA: a film directed by Nnegest Likké, co-produced by and starring Constance Ejuma - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2014/12/crowdfunding-ben-ara-film-directed-by.html

08 May 2014 - Cannes: 4 women among 5 young Ethiopian filmmakers | 4 femmes font partie des 5 jeunes cinéastes Ethiopiens - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2014/05/four-women-among-5-young-ethiopian.html


2012
18 Feb 2012 - Women Filmmakers from the Ethiopian Diaspora Tell Their Stories. http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2012/02/women-filmmakers-from-ethiopian.html


2011
02 Sep 2011 - Rahel Zegeye: The Experiences of an Ethiopian Migrant Worker and Filmmaker in Lebanon - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2011/09/rahel-zegeye-experiences-of-ethiopian.html

23 Mar 2011 - Focus on Yewbdar Anbessie - http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2011/03/focus-on-yewbdar-anbessie.html


2010

Blog Archive